丂幮夛暉巸偲偄偆尵梩偑丄帒杮庡媊幮夛偺堦掕偺敪払抜奒偵墳偠偰巊傢傟傞傛偆偵側傝丄摿偵幮夛暉巸惌嶔偲偄偆尵梩偼丄帒杮庡媊幮夛偺屌桳側惌嶔偲偟偰撪晹偺揥奐夁掱偱弌尰偟偨傕偺偲攃埇偡傞偙偲偼廳梫側偙偲偱偁偆丅廃抦偺捠傝丄帒杮庡媊宱嵪傪悽奅偵愭嬱偗偰幚尰偝偣丄揟宆揑側宍偱敪払偟偰偒偨偺偼塸崙偱偁傞丅偦偺偨傔塸崙偺幮夛暉巸偺楌巎偼帒杮庡媊彅崙偵偍偗傞幮夛暉巸巎偺揟宆偲偟偰埵抲偯偗傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅

丂崱擔偺塸崙傪悽奅偵偍偗傞棟憐揑側幮夛暉巸偺儌僨儖崙丄偁傞偄偼嵟崅偺暉巸崙壠偲峫偊傞偵偼丄懡偔偺栤戣偑懚嵼偡傞偑丄塸崙偺幮夛暉巸偺楌巎尋媶偼丄崅搙偺敪払抜奒偵払偟偨帒杮庡媊幮夛偵偍偗傞幮夛暉巸偺嬿奅傪尒偒傢傔傞堄枴偱丄傑偨偦偺抜奒偵偍偗傞幮夛暉巸偺恀偵偁傞傋偒巔傪媮傔傞堄枴偱枹偩桳塿偱偁傞丅

丂帒杮庡媊偺揥奐抜奒偲暉巸惌嶔偺宍惉丒敪揥偺夁掱偲傪懳墳偝偣側偑傜丄椉幰偺堄枴楢娭傪栤偆帋傒偼崱傑偱懡偔偺榑幰偵傛偭偰側偝傟偰偒偨丅摿偵塸崙偺応崌丄偙偺庬偺媍榑偱嫟捠偟偰偄傞偺偑丄帒杮庡媊偺惉棫婜偵媽媬昻朄傪丄敪揥婜偵怴媬昻朄傪丄杤棊婜慜婜偺屆揟揑掗崙庡媊婜偵幮夛帠嬈傪丄崙壠撈愯帒杮庡媊婜偵幮夛暉巸傪偦傟偧傟懳墳偝偣偰峫嶡偡傞帋傒偱偁傞丅帒杮庡媊偺揥奐夁掱偲偦偺帪婜偵懳墳偟偨彅巤嶔偲偺撪嵼揑娭楢偑廫暘偵夝柧偝傟偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偄偑丄偦傟偧傟偺帪戙偵偍偄偰暘悈椾傪側偟偨廳梫側屆揟揑挊嶌丄尨帒椏傪丄摉婱廳彂丒廳梫暥專僐儗僋僔儑儞偼桳偟偰偄傞丅

丂師偵丄摉婱廳彂丒廳梫暥專僐儗僋僔儑儞偺拞偱摿偵廳帇偡傌偒帒椏傪悢嶜拪弌偟丄偦傟偵娭偡傞娙扨側僐儊儞僩傪晅婰偡傞偙偲偱奣梫偲偡傞丅

丂塸崙媬昻惂搙偺弌敪揰偲偟偰嵟傕桳柤側朄棩偼丄1601擭朄偱偁傞偑丄摨朄偼1597擭朄傪扨弮偐偮懱宯揑偵惍旛偟偨傕偺偱偁傞丅摉婱廳彂丒廳梫暥專僐儗僋僔儑儞嵟屆偺彂亀僄儕僓儀僗媬昻朄亁 ( The Elizabethan Poor Law,1598 ) 偼丄1597擭朄 ( 39 Elizabethan,c.i乣c.vi,1597亅1598 ) 偺僆儕僕僫儖偱偁傝丄塸崙幮夛暉巸巎忋嵟傕婱廳壙抣偺崅偄彂暔偲尵偊傞丅

丂17悽婭偺媬昻朄夵妚榑憟偼丄儅僢僔儏僂丒僿僀儖 ( Mathew Hale ) 偺昻崲幰偵懳偡傞屬梡偺採埬偐傜巒傑傝丄僟僯僄儖丒僨僼僅僂 ( Daniel Defoe ) 偺斀懳榑偵傛偭偰廔傢傞丅儅僢僔儏僂丒僿僀儖偼丄戝朄姱偲偄偆棫応偐傜楯摥擻椡偺偁傞昻崲幰偺栤戣偵拝栚偟丄斵傜傪慻怐壔偡傞偙偲偙偦恀偺帨慞偱偁傞偲庡挘偟偨丅斵偺挊彂亀昻崲幰偵懳偡傞嫙媼偵娭偡傞島榖亁 ( A Discourse Touching Provision for the Poor,1683 ) 偼丄斵偺巰屻 ( 7擭屻 ) 偵弌斉偝傟偨傕偺偱偁傞偑斵偺尒夝傪抦傞廳梫側暥專偱偁傞丅

丂儅僢僔儏僂丒僿僀儖偺採埬埲崀妶敪壔偟偨昻崲幰偵懳偡傞屬梡寁夋偼丄儚乕僋僴僂僗愝抲偵岦偗偰敪揥偟偨偑丄偙傟傜偺摦偒偵恀惓柺偐傜斀懳偟偨偺偑僟僯僄儖丒僨僼僅僂偱偁傝丄斵偑亀巤暔傪梌偊傞偙偲偼帨慞偱偼側偄亁 ( Giving Alms Nocharity,1704 ) 偱揥奐偟偨媍榑偑寢嬊儚乕僋僴僂僗愝抲朄埬傪憭傝嫀傞偙偲偵側偭偨偙偲偼峀偔抦傜傟偰偄傞丅

丂僄儕僓儁僗媬昻朄偺壓偱偺昻崲帣摱偺曐岇忬懺傪抦傞忋偱寚偐偡偙偲偺偱偒側偄婱廳側帒椏偼丄僕儑僫僗丒僴儞僂僃僀 ( Jonas Hanway ) 偑儘儞僪儞偺14偺嫵嬫偱1750擭偐傜1755擭傑偱幚巤偟偨挷嵏偺曬崘彂偱偁傞丅斵偼偦偙偱儚乕僋僴僂僗偵偍偗傞擕梒帣偑擛壗偵斶嶴側忬懺偱廂梕偝傟偰偄傞偐傪愒棁乆偵昤幨偟偰偄傞丅偙偺挷嵏曬崘偼偦偺屻惍棟偝傟丄1767擭偵岞偵偝傟偨亀儘儞僪儞昻崲幰撪偺梒帣巰朣棪亁 ( lnfant Mortality Amongest the London Poor,1767 ) 偱寢幚偟偰偄傞丅

丂塸崙偵偍偄偰嶻嬈妚柦偑恑揥偟丄戞2師僄儞僋儘乕僕儍乕偑揥奐偝傟傞拞偱丄媬昻峴惌偑堦帪揑偱偼偁傞偑偦傟傑偱偲偼堎側傞曽岦偱戝偒側曄慗傪尒偣傞丅偦偺曄慗偼丄1782擭朄 ( An Act for better Relief and Employment of the Poor, 22 George III, c. 83 ) ( 捠徧丄僊儖僶乕僩朄 ) 偲丄摨朄傪婎慴偵宍惉偝傟偨僗僺乕僫儉儔儞僪惂搙 ( Speenhamland System ) 傪宊婡偲偟偰婲偙偭偨偲峫偊傟傞丅摿偵僊儖僶乕僩朄偼丄儕僢僠僼傿乕儖僪慖弌偺戙媍巑僩乕儅僗丒僊儖僶乕僩 ( Thomas Gilbert ) 偺搘椡偵傛偭偰棫朄壔偝傟丄亀恖摴庡媊壔亁傪朄揑偵妋擣偟丄嬶懱揑偵偼楯摥擻椡偺偁傞昻崲幰偵懳偟偰嫃戭曐岇傪擣傔偨揰偵拁偄偰堄媊怺偄丅偦偺偨傔1775擭偵僩乕儅僗丒僊儖僶乕僩偑媍夛採弌梡偵嶌惉偟偨僊儖僶乕僩朄埬 ( Gilbert's Bil1,1775 ) 偼丄婱廳側帒椏壙抣傪桳偟偰偄傞偲尵偊傞丅

丂1795擭僒儈儏僄儖丒儂僀僢僩僽儗僢僪 ( Samuel Whitbread ) 偑媍夛偵採弌偟偨嵟掅捓嬥朄埬偑丄僩乕儅僗丒儘僶乕僩丒儅儖僒僗 ( Thomas Robert Malthus ) 偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨帺桼庡媊偺怣曭幰僂僀儕傾儉丒僺僢僩 ( William Pitt ) 偵傛偭偰捝楏偵斸敾偝傟憭傝嫀傜傟偨偙偲偼傛偔抦傜傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟偦偺儂僀僢僩僽儗僢僪埗偵儅儖僒僗偑憲偭偨庤巻 ( Malthus on Whitbread's Bill ) 偵偮偄偰抦傞幰偼彮側偄丅昻崲幰偺忬懺偺夵慞偵偮偄偰崻杮揑偵斶娤揑偱偁偭偨儅儖僒僗偼丄偦偺庤巻偵儂僀僢僩僽儗僢僪偺朄埬偑岆偭偨擣幆偺忋偵婎慴偯偗傜傟偰偄傞偙偲傪婰偟偰偄傞丅

丂僩乕儅僗丒僠儍乕儅僘 ( Thomas Chalmers ) 偼丄塸崙幮夛帠嬈偺棟榑 ( 曽朄榑 ) 傪宍惉偟偨愭嬱幰偲偟偰丄傑偨帨慞慻怐嫤夛 ( Charity Organisation Society ) 偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊偨恖暔偲偟偰挊柤偱偁傞偑丄斵偺岟愌偼丄僌儔僗僑乕巗偱偺廆嫵妶摦傪捠偠偰棟榑傪宍惉偟丄偦傟傪摨巗偱幚慔偟偨偙偲偱偁傞丅摉婱廳彂丒廳梫暥專僐儗僋僔儑儞偵廂傔傜傟偰偄傞悢嶜偺僠儍乕儅僘娭楢暥專 ( Hospital for the Poor and Report on the Management of the Poor in Glasgow, 1818 / The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns, 1821-1826 / Pauperism in Glasgow, 1823 ) 偼丄偙傟傑偱廫暘扵媶偝傟偰偄側偄斵偺嬈愌傪夝柧偡傞忋偱戞堦師揑帒椏偱偁傞丅

丂1601擭埲崀揱摑傪傕偮媬昻朄偑丄1832擭偵慻怐偝傟偨媬昻朄夵惓埬嶌惉偺偨傔偺墹棫埾堳夛偵傛偭偰戝暆偵夵惓偝傟偨偙偲偼丄塸崙幮夛暉巸巎忋寚偔偙偲偺偱偒側偄廳梫側弌棃帠偱偁傞丅摨埾奓夛偵採弌偝傟偨曬崘彂 ( Report from His Majesty's Commissioners for Inquiring into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws ) 偼丄僫僜乕丒僔乕僯傽乕 ( Nassau William Senior ) 偲僄僪僂傿儞丒僠儍僪僂傿僢僋 ( Edwin Chadwick ) 偵傛偭偰婲憪偝傟偨偑丄怴媬昻朄 ( Poor Law Amendment Act ) 偺惉棫偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊偨傕偺偱偁傞丅傑偨僄僪僂傿儞丒僠儍僪僂傿僢僋偑1842擭偵忋堾偵採弌偟偨亀塸崙楯摥幰偺塹惗忬懺偵娭偡傞曬崘亁 ( Local Reports on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of England, 1842 ) 偼丄1848擭偵惉棫偟偨岞廜塹惗朄偵峷專偟偨彂偲偟偰崱擔偱傕崅偔昡壙偝傟偰偄傞丅

丂1854擭偵弌斉偝傟偨僕儑乕僕丒僯僐儖僘 ( George Nicholls ) 偺亀塸崙媬昻朄巎亁 ( 慡2姫 ) ( A History of the English Poor Law, 2 vo1. ) 偼丄塸崙媬昻朄巎偺僶僀僽儖揑暥專偱擔杮偺幮夛暉巸尋媶幰偑塸崙偺媬昻朄偺楌巎傪暘愅偡傞嵺偵嵟傕妶梡偟偨彂偱偁傞丅

丂悽奅嵟弶偺僙僣儖儊儞僩丒僴僂僗偵偦偺柤傪巆偟偨傾乕僲儖僪丒僩僀儞價乕 ( Arnold Toynbee ) 偑丄僿儞儕乕丒僕儑乕僕 ( Henry George ) 偑挊偟偨亀恑曕偲昻崲亁 ( Progress and Poverty ) 傪斸昡偟偨2夞偺島墘 ( Amold Toynbee Answers Henry George ) 偼丄弶婜偺僼僃價傽儞嫤夛 ( Fabian Society ) 偺幏峴埾堳傗偦偺屻偺幮夛夵椙庡媊幰偵戝偒側塭嬁傪梌偊偨傕偺偲揱偊傜傟偰偄傞丅

丂19悽婭枛偐傜20悽婭偵偐偗偰峴傢傟偨僠儍乕儖僘丒僽乕僘 ( Charles Booth ) 偺儘儞僪儞挷嵏偲丄儀儞僕儍儈儞丒僔乕儃乕儉丒儔僂儞僩儕乕 ( Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree ) 偺儓乕僋挷嵏偑丄塸崙偵偍偗傞昻崲栤戣偺怺崗偝傪堦斒戝廜偵帵偟偨偙偲偼廃抦偺帠幚偱偁傞丅

丂僽乕僘偼帺傜帒嬥傪挷払偟丄1886擭偐傜1888擭偵偐偗偰儘儞僪儞偺昻崲挷嵏傪峴偄丄偦愗寢壥傪1892擭偐傜1897擭偵偐偗偰亀儘儞僪儞昻崲幰偺惗妶偲楯摥亁 ( Life and Labour of the London Poor ) 偲偄偆10姫偺曬崘彂偲偟偰敪昞偟偨丅傑偨偦傟傪壛昅丒廋惓偟丄惍棟偟捈偟偨傕偺偑丄1902擭偐傜1904擭傑偱偵亀儘儞僪儞巗柉偺惗妶偲楯摥亁 ( Life and Labour of the People in London ) 偲偄偆慡17姫偺曬崘彂偲偟偰弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅

丂儔僂儞僩儕乕偼丄儓乕僋巗偱1899擭昻崲尨場偺挷嵏傪峴偄丄偦偺寢壥傪1901擭亀昻崲 亅 搒夛惗妶偺尋媶亁 ( Poverty. A Study of Town Life ) 偲偄偆曬崘彂偱敪昞偟偨丅傑偨斵偑1936擭偵幚巤偟偨戞2師挷嵏偼丄亀昻崲偲恑曕亁 ( Poverty and Progress ) 偲偄偆僞僀僩儖偱1941擭偵姧峴偝傟偨偑丄摉婱廳彂丒廳梫暥專僐儗僋僔儑儞偑桳偡傞摨彂偼丄昅幰偱偁傞儔僂儞僩儕乕捈昅偺彁柤偑婰偝傟偰偍傝偦偺壙抣傪崅傔偰偄傞丅

丂亀媬昻朄暲傃偵昻崲媬嵪偵娭偡傞墹棫埾堳夛亁 ( Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress ) 偵1909擭採弌偝傟偨2偮偺曬崘彂亀媬昻朄暲傃偵昻崲媬嵪偵娭偡傞墹棫埾堳夛偺曬崘彂亁 ( Report of the Royal Commission on the poor Laws and Relief of Distress ) 偲亀暘棧曬崘彂亁 ( Separate Report乺 ( 捠忢丄偙偺2偮偺曬崘彂偺慜幰傪亀懡悢攈曬崘亁 ( Majority Report ) 丄屻幰傪亀彮悢攈曬崘亁 ( Minority Report ) 偲屇傫偱偄傞丅 ) 偼丄塸崙幮夛暉巸惌嶔巎忋廳梫側堄枴傪傕偮岞暥彂偱偁傞丅摿偵僔僪僯乕丒僂僃僢僽 ( Sidney Webb ) 偲價傾僩儕僗丒僂僃僢僽 ( Beatrice Webb ) 偵傛偭偰嶌惉偝傟偨亀彮悢攈曬崘亁偼丄媬昻朄偺揚攑 ( The Break-up of the Poor Law ) 偲乽楯摥巗応偺岞揑慻怐壔乿 ( The Public Organisation of the Labour Market ) 傪採彞偟丄戞2師悽奅戝愴屻敪揥偡傞暉巸崙壠棟擮偺愭摫揑暥彂偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅

丂摨墹棫埾堳夛偵偍偄偰價傾僩儕僗丒僂僃僢僽偑拞怱偲側偭偰峴偭偨媬昻朄偺楌巎偵娭偡傞幚徹揑楌巎尋媶偺惉壥偼丄僂僃僢僽晇嵢偺嫟挊亀塸崙媬昻朄巎亁 ( English Poor Law History: PartI, PartII, 1927, 1929 ) 偵傑偲傔傜傟偰偄傞丅傑偨亀懡悢攈曬崘亁偺婲憪偵峷專偟偨COS偺棟榑揑巜摫幰僿儗儞丒儃乕僓儞働僩 ( Helen Bosanquet ) 偑幏昅偟偨亀1909擭偺媬昻朄曬崘亁 ( The Poor Law Report of 1909, 1909 ) 偼丄亀懡悢攈曬崘亁偺庡挘傪撪嵼揑偵暘愅偡傞忋偱桳塿側帒椏偱偁傞丅